Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits.Further, IBS patients experience a high degree of extraintestinal symptoms.Objectives: The aim of this review was to describe the relation between IBS and extraintestinal manifestations and mechanisms and treatments of these extraintestinal manife
Assassin bugs use their salivary venoms for various purposes, including defense, prey paralyzation, and extra-oral digestion, but the mechanisms underlying the functional complexity of the venom remain largely unclear.Since venom glands are composed of several chambers, Planters it is suggested that individual chambers may be specialized to produce
The adaptive landscape analogy has found practical use in recent years, as many have explored how their understanding can inform therapeutic strategies that subvert the evolution of drug resistance.A major barrier to applications of these concepts is a lack of detail concerning how the environment affects adaptive landscape topography, and conseque
The present Headwear article reviews published efforts to study acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase structure and function using computer-based modeling and simulation techniques.Structures and models of both enzymes from various organisms, including rays, mice, and humans, are discussed to highlight key structural similarities in the ac